Application of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in Food Security During Flood Disaster in Malaysia: A Narrative Review

@#Disaster risk reduction (DRR) plays essential roles in ensuring food security to avoid adverse social, economic and financial implications to the disaster victims. This article aims to review existing DRR strategies in food security during flood disasters and recommend strategies that can be adapted into policies in Malaysia according to the Sendai Framework. Sendai Framework provides comprehensive, globally recognized priority themes in DRR while highlighting governmental and stakeholders’ responsibility. A literature review was carried out by searching available published literatures from online databases and selected information used in this review is taken from articles, journals, reports, national reports, news, and thesis regarding the topic from November 2021 to January 2022. This review revealed that DRR strategies of food security during flood disasters in Malaysia lack one out of 14 work areas in four priorities in the Sendai Framework, which is the national-level risk and vulnerability assessment system and tools. This article proposed 19 recommendations to improve eight work areas across all four priority areas to enhance national food security during flood disasters.

Produzindo dados e operando sistemas: o trabalhador do SUAS diante dos desastres socioambientais / Producing data and operating systems: the social worker in the face of socio-environmental disasters

Resumo: O artigo analisa os impactos socioterritoriais provocados por desastres com barragens à luz da Vigilância Socioassistencial. Adotou-se o método qualitativo, por meio de análise documental e técnica, de cidades impactadas por desastres com barragens de mineradoras em Minas Gerais (Brasil). Concluiu-se que as condições objetivas de respostas no campo da Assistência Social estão aquém dos preceitos internacionais de Gestão Integral de Riscos e de Desastres (GIRD), destacando foco para o aprimoramento específico para uma gestão planejada e compartilhada de Redução de Riscos de Desastres (RRD).

Abstract: The article analyzes the socio-territorial impacts caused by disasters with dams in the light of Social Assistance Surveillance. We adopted the qualitative method based on documental and technical analysis of cities impacted by disasters with mining dams in Minas Gerais/BR. We concluded that the objective conditions of answers in the field of Social Assistance fall short of the international precepts of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), highlighting a focus for specific improvement for a planned and shared management of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).

Mining dams disasters as systemic risks / Desastres em barragens de mineração como riscos sistêmicos

ABSTRACT: Between 2015 and 2019, Brazil recorded the two most serious disasters involving mining dams of the 21st century. The purpose of this article is to offer an understanding of these disasters as systemic risks. They involve from global and national processes related to social determinants that materialize in a complex system of dams distributed throughout the country with their intrinsic risks. When they occur, result in a set of impacts with potential damage and immediate effects combined with secondary and tertiary impacts that can trigger chain reactions, which promote risk factors of heterogeneous and complex occurrence. Approaching these events from the point of view of systemic risk allows for a broader understanding of both the singularity of each of these disasters and their multiple exposure, risk and disease processes, as well as the structural characteristics in which social, political processes and dynamics and economic factors reproduce in multiple territories a common pattern of disasters and their effects. We conclude that the promotion of population health and sustainable territories should guide the organization of production processes and not the opposite, with the externalization of human, environmental and social costs of mining and its disasters.

RESUMO: Entre 2015 e 2019, o Brasil registrou os dois mais graves desastres envolvendo barragens de mineração do século XXI. O objetivo deste artigo é oferecer a compreensão desses desastres como riscos sistêmicos, que envolvem desde processos globais e nacionais relacionados aos determinantes sociais que se concretizam em um complexo sistema de barragens distribuídas pelo País com seus riscos intrínsecos. Quando ocorrem, resultam em um conjunto de impactos com potencial de danos e efeitos imediatos combinados com impactos secundários e terciários que podem desencadear reações em cadeia, promovendo fatores de riscos de ocorrência heterogênea e complexa. Abordar esses eventos com base no conceito de risco sistêmico permite uma compreensão mais ampla tanto da singularidade de cada um desses desastres e seus múltiplos processos de exposição, riscos e doenças, como também das características estruturais com que os processos e dinâmicas sociais, políticas e econômicas reproduzem, em múltiplos territórios, um padrão comum de desastres e seus efeitos. Concluímos que a promoção da saúde da população e de territórios sustentáveis deve orientar a organização dos processos produtivos e não o contrário, com a externalização dos custos humanos, ambientais e sociais da mineração e seus desastres.

Análise da percepção de risco dos estudantes participantes do Projeto Agente Mirim de Defesa Civil / Risk perception analysis of students participating in the Junior Civil Defense Agent

Atualmente, a Defesa Civil (DC) de Blumenau, em Santa Catarina, na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itajaí (BHRI) realiza ações de educação ambiental para Gestão de Risco de Desastres (GRD) por meio de projetos, dentre eles o Agente Mirim de Defesa Civil (AMDC). O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar como o projeto AMDCsubsidia a implementação da Lei Federal no. 12.608/2012, por meio da análise da percepção de risco dos estudantes durante sua participação. Para isso, foram utilizadas cinco ferramentas aplicadas em sete momentos no decorrer do ano letivo de 2016. Os resultados revelam que os estudantes ao ingressarem no projeto, trazem consigo conceitos básicos sobre ações de defesa civil e constroem novos conhecimentos sobre riscos de desastres. Conclui-se que as práticas educativas empregadas no projeto AMDC possibilitam a construção de conhecimentos, procedimentos e atitudes, capacitando os estudantes nos processos de prevenção, mitigação e preparação frentes aos riscos de desastres conforme enfatizado pela Lei Federal no. 12.608/2012.

Currently the Civil Defense (CD) of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, in the Itajaíriver basin conducts environmental education actions for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) through projects, among them the "Junior Civil Defense Agent" (JCDA). The objective of this research was to analyze how the JCDA project subsidizes the implementation of Federal Law nº. 12.608/2012, by analyzing the students' perception of risk during their participation. To this end, five tools were applied at seven times during the 2016 school year. The results show that students entering the project bring with them basic concepts about civil defense actions and build new knowledge about disaster risks. It is concluded that the educational practices employed in the JCDA project enable the construction of knowledge, procedures and attitudes, enabling students in disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness processes as emphasized by Federal Law nº. 12.608/2012.

La violencia de los desastres / The violence of disasters

El artículo se propone exponer la necesidad de incluir la protección y cuidado de la salud mental y el apoyo psicosocial como eje ineludible de la "Gestión Integral para la Reducción de Riesgo de Desastres" y la construcción de" Resiliencia"(AU)

In order to develop the comunnitary resilience is necesary to promote the integration of mental health care and psychosocial support in Integral management for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)(AU)

Health risks of selected mass gatherings in the Philippines in 2015 and implications for public health preparedness

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Mass gatherings (MG) are events that draw together a large number of people in one or several occasions happening in single or multiple places for a definite period of time. These can lead to different public health risks through exposure to infectious diseases, trauma, and environmental factors. The Philippine Department of Health (DOH) in 2015 participated in special planned events that constituted mass gatherings namely the Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings, the Black Nazarene procession, and the Papal Visit.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> The study aimed to describe the different health risks arising from the three (3) identified mass gathering events in the Philippines in 2015 and relate them to public health preparedness.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> This was a descriptive study of the health risks arising from the MG events. Sources of data were reports submitted by deployed medical teams to the Operations Center (Opcen) that closely monitored the MG.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The study found infectious causes, trauma, temperature-related conditions, and noncommunicable diseases to be the important categories of health risks in the specified mass gatherings. These validated the common health risk categories observed in previously well-studied mass gatherings.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The study highlighted important health risks and factors for consideration in public health preparedness for mass gatherings in terms of appropriate and effective public health strategies that should be established to minimize health risks and reduce health system impacts of mass gatherings.</p>

Enabling factors, hindrances, and self-perceived level of preparedness of Typhoon Haiyan Emergency Medical Services (EMS) responders

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Despite the implementation of policies related to disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines, the response after Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 was hampered by operational challenges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> The purpose of this study was to document disaster response experiences of Typhoon Haiyan from field level emergency medical service (EMS) responders, a key component of the disaster response, specifically the enabling factors and hindrances to disaster medical response activities, including their self-perceived level of preparedness in these activities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this mixed-methods study, 52 respondents identified enabling factors and hindrances to their disaster response and their corresponding self-perceived level of preparedness. In a subsequent focus group discussion, the researchers used the nominal group technique to process the respondents' experiences.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The respondents identified factors that enabled or hindered their response activities such as coordination, stress debriefing, infrastructure, and preparedness. Furthermore, an average of 33% of the respondents said they were adequately prepared to deliver the necessary medical services during the disaster response, thus validating previous studies on preparedness and disaster response operations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The government should critically examine its cluster approach to disaster response and consider an integrated, inclusive, and proactive approach in disaster planning.</p>

Open Data Flood Mapping of Chao Phraya River Basin and Bangkok Metropolitan Region.

Aims: To examine the utility of open data for flood mapping of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and Chao Phraya River basin. The region is particularly vulnerable to flooding, having experienced recurrent major flooding events, including the some of the most extensive and prolonged in 2011. Study Design: Novel methodologies were innovated utilising open spatial data and open source geographical software to generate flood extent/hazard maps of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and Chao Phraya River basin. Key geospatial data were sourced from the Thai Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency and NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Methodology: Given limited resources for conducting detailed hydrological-hydraulic analyses, two alternative approaches were examined for flood extent/hazard mapping of the basin and city. The first method made use of publicly available historical flood data to produce an up-to-date composite flood extent/hazard map. The second approach, using the latter output as a reference source, examined the utility of a modified topographic index for delineating flood-prone areas, as integrated into the r.hazard.flood module of the open source GRASS GIS application. Results: Compilation of multi-year historical data enabled generation of a relatively finescale (~100m spatial resolution) flood extent/hazard map for the basin and city. The optimal tau threshold for delineating flood exposed cells from the modified topographic index was linearly related to the sub-basin mean slope. The four most northerly subbasins of the Chao Phraya basin, those with higher mean slopes, gave lowest total errors, ranging from 17.5 to 35.9 percent. Conclusions: Open data in the form of multi-year spatial flood layers were effectively combined to generate a relatively fine-scale flood extent/hazard map for the Chao Phraya River basin and Bangkok Metropolitan Region, and the modified topographic index showed promise as an alternative means for identifying flood exposed areas.